Different tools have been developed to do this, with particular advantages and caveats. To show that a given structure is under tension, one must manipulate or measure the mechanical properties of the tissue of interest. Nevertheless, the sole presence of actin meshworks within a cell or tissue may not be indicative of tissue tension. Actin fibers interact with motors and crosslinkers to generate force that induces cell autonomous and non-autonomous shape changes ( Belmonte et al., 2017 Miao and Blankenship, 2020). Forces can act within the same cell or specific subcellular compartments, but can also act in neighboring cells with different biochemical and mechanical properties ( Bhide et al., 2021 Ríos-Barrera and Leptin, 2022).Ĭytoskeletal elements like actin are often the molecular basis of force generation. Most often, these processes depend on tension and force propagation to induce cell shape changes (Barrera-Velázquez and Ríos- Barrera, 2021 Inman and Smutny, 2021). Tissue morphogenesis requires that cells change their individual shapes and rearrange with one another to form novel structures. Includes a segmentation-free recoil quantification that reduces bias and speeds up analysis. While we explain how to carry out these experiments in Drosophila embryos, the recoil calibration and downstream analyses can be applied to other types of preparations.Īllows measuring tension in live Drosophila embryos with a relatively simple approach.ĭescribes a quick way to mount a high number of embryos. This protocol describes how one can perform laser microdissection experiments and subsequently measure the recoil speed of the sample of interest. If the tissue is undergoing tension, this cut will induce a recoil in the surrounding regions of the cut. These mechanical properties can be measured through laser microdissection, which concentrates energy in the tissue of interest, disrupting its cytoskeleton. Force is often generated by the cytoskeleton, which forms complex meshworks that reach cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix junctions to induce cellular rearrangements.
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